NOMOS CHALKIDIKIS

POLYGYROS

Population (according to 2021 census): 11.382

History

Poligiros: From Apollonia to the Present Day

Poligiros: Historical Course and Identity of the Capital of Chalkidiki

Αρχαία Στάγειρα: Ο τόπος που γέννησε τον Αριστοτέλη
Το επιβλητικό Όρος Άθως και τα μονοπάτια του Αγιού Όρους

-Poligiros, the capital of Chalkidiki, is a destination that combines traditional Macedonian architecture with the rich natural beauty of Mount Holomontas. The history of Poligiros covers a long period, from antiquity to the modern era. From prehistoric times to the present day, the region bears witness to human presence, the change of cultures and dominations, as well as the stability of the local identity. -The ancient city of Apollonia is located in the area of modern Poligiros (or according to others, on the site of the modern settlement). Apollonia was one of the 32 cities that formed the Koinon of the Chalkideans (Chalkidian League), which was founded in 432 BC with Olynthos as its capital, and was destroyed in 379 BC by the Spartans. -In 349 BC, Philip II of Macedon launched the war against the Chalkidian League. Despite the intervention of the Athenians (who sent an army with Charidemos), Olynthos, the strongest city in Chalkidiki and leader of the Koinon, was captured and completely destroyed in 348 BC. After its fall, all of Chalkidiki was annexed by the Macedonian Kingdom, putting an end to the autonomy of the Chalkidian League. -The conquest of Chalkidiki gave Philip full control of the area's rich resources (mines, forests, agriculture), as well as strategic access to the Aegean, decisively strengthening the power of the Macedonian Kingdom and its subsequent campaign into the rest of Greece. Macedonian rule in Chalkidiki ended in 168 BC, when the region was conquered by the Romans. -The town of Poligiros seems to have been founded during Byzantine times. The first reference to the name appears in a codex of the Holy Monastery of Great Lavra on Mount Athos in the late 9th century (897 AD). There are various speculations about the origin of the name: 1) From "Poly-geros" (meaning "Very Old" or "Many Elders," due to the healthy climate), 2) From "Poly-ieros" (meaning "Very Sacred," due to the existence of an ancient temple), 3) From "Poly-gyros" (meaning "Many Circles/Surroundings," which refers to its amphitheater-like position, surrounded by hills). -1430 marks the region's entry under Ottoman rule. Poligiros was integrated into the Sanjak of Thessaloniki. During the Ottoman period, Poligiros, like other villages, suffered destruction. -The inhabitants of Poligiros actively participated in revolutionary movements, such as the Revolution of 1821, where on May 17th (1821), the people of Poligiros, in what is known as the Chalkidiki Revolution, managed to temporarily remove the Ottoman garrison. They also participated in the unsuccessful revolutionary movement of 1854, which demonstrates that the spirit of resistance and national consciousness were clearly present. -Poligiros was incorporated into the Greek State on November 2, 1912, when the Greek army, as the victor of the First Balkan War, entered the city.

Traditions

Customs and Traditions of Chalkidiki

Customs, Dances, and Events in Chalkidiki: From the Poligiros Carnival to Easter

-Chalkidiki, and by extension Poligiros, preserves rich traditional customs, many of which are linked to major religious holidays. -Poligiros is renowned for its annual Carnival, an event with a history of about 100 years, which culminates on the last Sunday of the Apokries (Carnival season) with a parade of floats and carnival-goers, followed by folk feasts, dances, and musical events. The traditional kite-flying follows on Clean Monday. During the Christmas period, young people disguised as shepherds (wearing shepherd cloaks and white hair on their heads) would go from house to house to sing the Christmas carols (kάlanτα). -In the wider region of Chalkidiki, the "Camel Custom" (Έθιμο της Καμήλας) stands out, among others. It is revived every January in Galatista, Chalkidiki, and is one of the area's most unique events, with its roots dating back to the period of Ottoman rule. The custom is associated with the story of Manio, a beautiful woman from Galatista, and symbolizes the struggle against the conqueror. Locals dress up and dance, holding a camel effigy, while the merriment and dancing begin on January 5th (Eve of the Epiphany) and conclude on the day itself, combining folk celebration with historical memory. -The Easter period in Chalkidiki is characterized by a wealth of vibrant and distinctive customs that are revived in its villages, especially in the northern and mountainous parts. In Arnaia, the "Kantari Custom" (Έθιμο του Κανταριού) holds a prominent position on Easter Monday, where locals are weighed on a large scale, in a celebration accompanied by treats, dances, and songs. Other significant customs include the revival of the historical "Mavros Aloni" (Black Threshing Floor) in Ierissos (and the "Tou Chalkou t' Aloni" in Palaiochori) in honor of those massacred in 1821, the burning of the Judas effigy on Holy Saturday in many coastal villages, as well as horse races in Sykies, thus keeping Christian tradition and historical memory alive. -Music, dances, and costume form the heart of Chalkidiki's intangible cultural heritage, serving as an integral part of local events. The traditional dances and songs of the region are heard at every festival (panigiri) and celebratory event, such as the Easter celebrations in Arnaia and the Poligiros Carnival, preserving the local rhythm and style. At the same time, cultural associations take care to preserve and promote the traditional Macedonian costumes, which are worn by participants in the customs, offering visitors an authentic and vivid experience of the local folklore.

Local products

Agricultural Production and Products of Chalkidiki

From Green Olives and Pine Honey to the Tradition of Arts and Crafts

-Chalkidiki's agricultural, livestock farming, and apicultural (beekeeping) tradition results in a range of high-quality products, many of which are known internationally. It is characterized as the "Mother of Beekeeping" in Greece, possessing a strong and long-standing tradition in the sector, while it holds a prominent position in the domestic and international market thanks to the production of its famous Green Olive of Chalkidiki. -The Green Table Olive stands out for its large size and delicate flavor, and it is a Product of Protected Designation of Origin (PDO). It is cultivated without chemical intervention in fertile soils, mainly in Central Chalkidiki and the Kassandra Peninsula. Its harvest takes place during the early stage of its ripening, when it is still green, usually from September to October. It is one of the most significant exportable agricultural products of Greece, with high demand in markets such as the USA and Germany. -In addition to the table olive, the region produces excellent virgin olive oil of high quality and nutritional value. The mild Mediterranean climate and the soil morphology contribute to the unique flavor of the oil. Chalkidiki's olive oil is a basic component of the local cuisine and an integral part of the healthy Mediterranean diet. -The region's rich vegetation and forests, especially on Mount Holomontas and the pine forests, ensure the production of various types of excellent quality honey, such as Pine Honey (Pefkomelo)—the most significant production in the area, known for its high nutritional value and mineral content. It is mainly produced in Nikiti, Kassandra, and Arnaia. They also produce the rare Heather Honey (Sousouras)—a distinctive type of honey, known for its dark color and special, rich flavor. The area of Arnaia is particularly famous for this specific honey. -Apiculture also yields a unique, traditional spirit, Moundovina (or "beekeepers' tsipouro"). This is an alcoholic beverage produced by distilling water in which the honeycombs broken during the honey collection have been boiled, offering a distinctive taste. -Beneficial wild herbs are gathered on Mount Holomontas, such as mountain tea (sideritis), oregano, chamomile, and sage, while the area is known for its mushroom foraging spots, with laboratories dealing with the cultivation and processing of wild mushrooms and truffles. -Due to the strong livestock farming tradition, especially in the mountainous area of Holomontas, significant quantities of traditional, high-quality goat cheese are produced, as well as other dairy products. -The region is famous for the production of ouzo and tsipouro (especially in Nea Fokaea), as well as for viticulture. There are wineries that produce wines from one of the largest vineyards in Greece. -The traditional crafts and folk arts of Chalkidiki, although overshadowed by tourism and agricultural production, are kept alive, mainly in the mountainous hinterland and the traditional settlements. The art of handicraft weaving has deep roots, with references in areas like Palaiochori, where the tradition of the loom continues. Furthermore, the region has a historical connection to the art of pottery, as Olynthos was an important center for the production of vessels in antiquity. Finally, wood carving and folk architecture are part of the cultural heritage, with the carved wooden templa (icon screens) of the churches (such as in Arnaia) and the traditional stone buildings bearing witness to the existence of skilled wood and stone craftsmen.

Tourism

Chalkidiki: The Three Peninsulas and the Hinterland – A Top Tourist Destination

From Cosmopolitan Coasts to Nature and Religious History

-Chalkidiki is one of the top tourist destinations in Northern Greece, globally renowned for its three imposing peninsulas (the "legs") that offer a variety of experiences. -Kassandra, the first "leg" of Chalkidiki, is the most cosmopolitan and touristically developed destination, known for its vibrant nightlife and modern tourist infrastructure. The area is ideal for those seeking a fast-paced vacation, with popular resorts like Kallithea (the hub of entertainment), Pefkochori, and Hanioti, which feature organized, sandy beaches with easy access and plenty of options for beach bars and restaurants. It also hosts luxury resorts, such as Sani, and the picturesque, traditional village of Afytos, with its stone houses and panoramic view of the Toroneos Gulf, is worth a visit. -Sithonia, the second "leg," is a paradise for nature lovers and those seeking authentic beauty. It is characterized by dense pine forests that reach down to the wave and features a jagged coastline with countless hidden coves and beaches of exotic beauty. Top choices include Kavourotrypes (known as the "Hawaii of Chalkidiki" for its turquoise waters), Karidi in Vourvourou, and Armenistis. Neos Marmaras is a major tourist center, while Sarti is beloved for its long beach and its view towards Mount Athos. Sithonia also offers tranquility for families and couples, as well as many options for wild camping. -The third peninsula, Mount Athos (Athonas), combines seaside tourism with religious history. Ouranoupoli is the main destination, serving as the "gateway" to Mount Athos (with cruises available for women, due to the Avaton restriction), and features quiet beaches and the impressive Byzantine Tower. The picturesque island of Ammouliani is located nearby. -In the hinterland of Chalkidiki, Poligiros (the capital) and the surrounding mountainous villages maintain the traditional Macedonian architecture. Ancient Stageira, the birthplace of Aristotle, and Arnaia, one of the most beautiful traditional villages, stand out.