NOMOS LEYKADAS

LEYKADA

Population (according to 2021 census): 9.253

Photo source: https://lefkada.gov.gr/

History

The Fascinating History of Lefkada: From Homeric Ithaca to Union with Greece

Lefkada: Mythology, Archaeology, and Conquerors

-The history of Lefkada is fascinating and spans from the mythical era of Homer to its union with Greece. -The German archaeologist Wilhelm Dörpfeld (a collaborator of Heinrich Schliemann in Troy) developed, in the early 20th century, the theory that Lefkada is Homeric Ithaca, the kingdom of Odysseus. -Excavations he carried out on the island, particularly in the plain of Nydri (in the areas of Steno and Skaros), revealed findings from the Bronze Age (around 2000 BC) and prehistoric tumuli, which, according to him, matched the Homeric descriptions. His theory is also supported by the fact that Lefkada, unlike other islands, is connected to the mainland (Aetolia-Acarnania) through a narrow strait that, in antiquity, was either dry land or easily passable. -The first traces of life date back to the Paleolithic Era (around 200,000 BC), with findings in caves such as Choirospilia in Evgiros. -The first major city on the island was founded by the Corinthians (who occupied the island around 625 BC) at the site of Kalligoni (in the Koulmos area), just outside the modern town. The Corinthians were the ones who opened the canal through the isthmus connecting Lefkada to the mainland, officially turning Lefkada into an island. -The name “Lefkada” derives from Cape Lefkata (“White Rock” or “White Cliff”) at the southernmost tip of the island, due to its white cliffs. At the cape stood the temple of Apollo, and according to mythology, the poet Sappho leapt from the cliffs to rid herself of her love for Phaon. -Lefkada came under Roman rule in the 2nd century BC. During Roman times, a 700-meter-long stone bridge was built, connecting the city to the opposite coast. -In Byzantine times, Lefkada initially belonged to the Eastern Empire and later to the Despotate of Epirus (after 1204). The island fell under the rule of the Franks (Orsini, Angevins, and Tocco) between 1300 and 1479. During this period, the Castle of Agia Mavra was built at the island’s entrance, giving its name to the medieval capital: Agia Mavra. -The island was conquered by the Ottomans (1479–1684). During Ottoman rule, the capital remained enclosed within the castle walls. The Venetians recaptured the island (1684–1797), led by Francesco Morosini. One of the most significant changes was the relocation of the capital outside the castle to its present site in 1684. The modern town of Lefkada was designed according to the urban model of medieval European cities. The main axis (the market street) runs through the town, while the narrow alleys run perpendicular to it, ensuring proper ventilation. -After the fall of Venice, Lefkada successively passed to the Republican French, the Russo-Turks (forming the Septinsular Republic, 1800–1807 — the first semi-autonomous Greek state), and again to the Imperial French. Later, the island, along with the other Ionian Islands, came under British protection (1810–1864). Lefkada, as part of the Ionian Islands, was incorporated into the Greek State on May 21, 1864.

Traditions

The Cultural Heritage of Lefkada: Karsan Embroidery, Ionian Music, and Traditional Customs

Customs and Art in Lefkada: The Influence of Venetian Rule and Local Character

-Lefkada’s cultural tradition is rich, shaped mainly by centuries of Venetian rule (common throughout the Ionian Islands) and by the distinctive customs of its mountain villages. -Karsan Embroidery, originating from the mountain village of Karya, is the most distinguished expression of Lefkada’s folk art and is recognized as an element of Intangible Cultural Heritage. It is a unique embroidery technique developed in the 19th century by Maria Stavraka, known as “Koutsocheiro” (“the one with the crippled hand”), who, despite her physical disability, invented a special one-stitch embroidery method. The craft is distinguished by the mathematical precision and delicacy of its geometric or nature-inspired motifs, embroidered on white fabrics. This art form remains alive in the mountain villages, serving as a strong cultural emblem of Lefkada. -The island’s musical and dance traditions belong to the broader Ionian School, combining Greek rhythmology with strong Italian influences due to long Venetian rule. The development of Lefkada’s musical education is closely linked to the Lefkada Philharmonic Society, the second oldest in Greece (founded in 1850). As for dance, there is a distinction between the urban dances of the town (such as Balos and Polka) and the rural dances of the villages (such as Lemonia and Thiakos), which preserve traditional island motifs. The island’s dance heritage is showcased annually at the renowned Lefkada International Folklore Festival. -Lefkada’s folklore preserves customs of strong local and rural character, many of which are shared across the Ionian Islands. The quintessential Ionian custom is the Varkarola, where choirs sing romantic serenades (kantades) from decorated boats in the channel, celebrating the aesthetic spirit of the era. During the Twelve Days of Christmas, local tradition emphasizes the use of the koutsouna (wild onion) as a symbol of good luck and the use of ladopita (olive-oil pie) as a New Year’s cake (Vasilopita). Finally, the custom of breaking clay pots on Good Friday in the town symbolizes the expulsion of evil and the renewal of life, completing the island’s rich cycle of local traditions.

Local products

The Gastronomic Identity of Lefkada: From Englouvi Lentils to Air-Dried Salami and Ionian Wine

Traditional Products and the Legacy of Venetian Rule

-Lefkadian gastronomy and its products are an integral part of the island’s cultural identity, blending Ionian tradition with the quality of the Mediterranean climate and Italian culinary influence. -At the top of Lefkada’s agricultural products are the famous Englouvi Lentils. They are among the most renowned and high-quality agricultural products in Greece. Cultivated in the mountainous village of Englouvi at an altitude of about 950 meters, they are known for their exceptional flavor, thin skin, and quick cooking time. -Lefkada is home to thousands of olive trees, many of which are centuries old. The dominant local variety is Asprolia, which produces excellent extra virgin olive oil. Efforts are currently underway to have “Asprolia Lefkadas” recognized as a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) product. -Among cured meats, Lefkada’s Air-Dried Salami stands out as the island’s most iconic delicacy. The production technique is believed to have Italian roots dating back to Venetian rule and is characterized by natural air-curing, a light garlic aroma, and coarse black peppercorns, giving it a spicy, rich flavor. -Lefkada has a long history of winemaking. The main local grape varieties are the red Vertzami and the white Vardea, cultivated mainly in mountainous vineyards. Vertzami is particularly renowned for its deep color, rich tannins, and excellent aging potential. -The island’s traditional sweets also have Italian-Ionian origins. Pasteli is made from sesame and honey, while Mandolato is a mixture of almonds, honey or sugar, and egg white, known for its firm, chewy texture. Traditionally, the island’s barbers were responsible for making and selling these confections.

Tourism

The Treasures of Lefkada: World-Famous Beaches, Natural Wonders, and Cosmopolitan Attractions

From Nydri to Agios Nikitas: Discovering Lefkada’s Top Destinations

Οι καταρράκτες Δημοσάρη στο Νυδρί

-Lefkada is world-renowned for its natural beauty and unique tourist destinations. -The island is famous for the beaches along its western coast, which are often ranked among the finest in the Mediterranean for their turquoise waters and striking white cliffs that frame them. -Porto Katsiki is the island’s most famous beach and one of the most recognizable in Greece. It is characterized by its white pebbles and the towering vertical cliff that rises dramatically behind the shore, creating an otherworldly scene. Access is via road (near the village of Athani) followed by about 100 steps. -Another iconic beach, known for its vast golden sand and crystal-clear waters, is Egremni. It can be reached either by sea (by boat) or, where possible, via a long staircase of about 338 steps. -Kathisma is one of the most popular and organized beaches, featuring white sand, deep blue waters, and facilities for water sports and vibrant beach life (beach bars). -Vasiliki, located on the southern side of the island, is considered one of the world’s top ten beaches for windsurfing and kitesurfing, thanks to the ideal wind conditions that prevail there. -Beyond its beaches, Lefkada also offers stunning natural landmarks and historical monuments. -The Dimosari Waterfalls, near cosmopolitan Nydri, are a true oasis of greenery and coolness in eastern Lefkada. Within the namesake gorge, the Dimosari stream, originating from Mount Megas, flows through lush vegetation, forming a series of cascading waterfalls and picturesque pools. -Access is via an easy hiking trail leading to the main waterfall, which stands 12 meters high. At its base, an impressive turquoise natural pool forms — an ideal spot for a refreshing swim amid nature, far from the summer heat. -Cape Lefkatas, also known as Lady’s Cape, dominates the island’s southernmost tip, combining wild natural beauty with deep historical and mythological significance. -In antiquity, a temple dedicated to Apollo stood here, and according to legend, this is where the poet Sappho leapt to her death out of unrequited love. At the top of the steep cliff stands an impressive lighthouse, guiding ships through the Ionian Sea and offering breathtaking panoramic views of the ocean. The cape is a perfect destination for nature lovers and romantics, boasting one of the island’s most spectacular sunsets. -The Prigiponisia (“Princes’ Islands”) are a charming cluster of small islets located in the bay of Nydri, on Lefkada’s eastern side, popular for day cruises. -The most famous among them is Skorpios, the legendary private island of Aristotle Onassis, forever linked to the golden era of the Greek jet set. Although Skorpios remains closed to the public, visitors can admire it up close during sea excursions. -Meganisi, the largest and inhabited island of the group, offers picturesque villages, tranquil coves, and seaside tavernas, making it an authentic choice for those seeking relaxation in nature. -The capital and coastal settlements showcase the Ionian architectural and cultural heritage. Lefkada Town, the island’s capital, features traditional Ionian architecture, with narrow alleys, colorful houses, and lively squares. At the island’s entrance stands the Castle of Agia Mavra, the first landmark that greets visitors. Built in the 14th century, it remains an important historical monument. Visitors can also explore the Museum of Angelos Sikelianos, dedicated to the great Lefkadian poet. -Nydri and Agios Nikitas represent the two main tourist facets of Lefkada, offering visitors contrasting experiences. -Nydri, on the eastern coast, is the island’s largest and most cosmopolitan resort, serving as a central hub for activities and nightlife, as well as the main port for excursions to the nearby Princes’ Islands (such as Skorpios) and the Dimosari Waterfalls. -In contrast, Agios Nikitas, a picturesque traditional village on the western side, offers a calmer and more romantic atmosphere. With its car-free center, it retains its authenticity and serves as an ideal base for accessing world-famous beaches like Pefkoulia and Milos, blending the charm of traditional village life with the stunning natural beauty of the Ionian Sea.